Pronouns

Nouns are words that directly represent/refer to other things, commonly described as being a person (firefighter, Abe Kōbō, Steve), a place (Mos Burger, Japan, kitchen) or a thing (coffee, book, the theory of relativity).

主語代名詞

Personal pronouns refer to a person who is the subject of a sentence. Unlike English, Japanese has multiple pronouns to refer to oneself and the person(s) you’re talking with, each carrying its own distinct nuance.

人	単数形		複数形
1st	私	私（わたし・わたくし) 僕（ぼく) 俺（おれ）	私たち	私たち 僕たち 俺たち
2nd	あなた	あなた そちら	You (all	あなたたち
3rd	He She It	彼（かれ) 彼女（かのじょ) N/A : それ*	彼ら	彼ら 彼女たち
Interrogative	Who/whom	誰（だれ）	Who/whom	誰（だれ）

*Japanese does not have a subject pronoun for “it” (It ate the banana). The closest option is それ, which is technically a demonstrative pronoun.

目的格代名詞

Object pronouns replace the object of a sentence. Japanese does not distinguish between subject/personal pronouns (I, you, he/she/it, we, they) and object pronouns (me, you, him/her/it, us, them) at the word level. Rather, subject/personal pronouns become object pronouns when used with a direct object marker such as を.

彼は私を見つけた。He found me.
   → here, 彼 is a subject pronoun.
私は彼を見つけた。I found him.
   → here, 彼 is an object pronoun.

所有代名詞

Possessive pronouns show who owns something. Japanese does not distinguish between subject/personal pronouns (I, you, he/she/it, we, they) and possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his/hers/its, ours, theirs) at the word level. Rather, subject pronouns become possessive pronouns when used with the possessive particle の.

私は彼の子供です。I am his kid.
   → here, 私 is a subject pronoun.
それは私の子供です。That is my kid.
   → here, 私 is a possessive determiner.
その子供は私の( 子供 )です。That kid is mine (my kid).
   → here, 私 is a possessive pronoun.

A major purpose of possessive pronouns is simply to avoid redundancy. That kid is mine sounds nicer than that kid is my kid. Possessive pronouns let us say more with less words by making use of context.

Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns refer to a specific thing or a place without saying exactly what it is.

Location	Things		Places
Close to speaker	This	これ	Here	ここ
Close to listener	That	それ	There	そこ
Far from both	That (over there)	あれ	Over there	あそこ
Interrogative	Which/what	何 (なに・どっち)	Where	どこ

これはペンです。This is a pen.
田中はあそこで遊んでいる。Tanaka is playing over there.

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns refer to a non-specific person, place or thing.

人		Places
誰か	だれか	あるところ	どこか
Everyone No one	だれも*	Everywhere Nowhere	どこも*
誰でも	だれでも	どこでも	どこでも

時間		Thing
Sometime	いつか	何か	なにか
Always Never	いつも*	Everything Nothing	なにも（かも) なにも
Anytime	いつでも	何でも	なんでも

* ・・も words in Japanese can be positive or negative, depending on the sentence.

私は何もかも忘れてしまった。 I forgot everything.
私は何も覚えていない。 I remember nothing.

だれもが彼を知っている。Everybody knows him.
だれもが彼を知っている。Everybody knows him.

再帰代名詞

A reflexive pronoun is used when when the object and subject of a sentence are the same. Although English has several reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, himself, itself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves), Japanese can use one for all of these scenarios: 自分（じぶん）.

Although 自分 can work much like English reflexive pronouns do, its usage extends far beyond the English usage, is very context dependent and can be very ambiguous. This guide will only introduce one very simple structure.

彼女は鏡で自分を見た。The woman looked at herself in the mirror.
キミならできる！自分を信じて！ You can do it！ Believe in yourself！

Some verbs are paired with 自（じ）or 自己（じこ）and imply a reflexive pronoun.

自己紹介してください。Please introduce yourself.
彼は自殺をした。He killed himself.

Intensive (reflexive) pronouns

Intensive pronouns are used in order to place special emphasis on a given noun, often following it. Unlike reflexive pronouns, these are purely for emphasis and can be omitted.

お金それ自体は善でも悪でもない。払い方次第です。
Money (in and of) itself is neither good or bad. It depends on how it is used (spent).
私のお母さんは親切そのものです。
My mother is kindness itself