Verb Tenses
动词被称为动作词。它们表示一种行为、发生或存在的状态。
英语动词有三种时态：过去时、现在时和将来时。以下是如何在英语中形成不同种类的动词时态：
一般过去时
简单过去时用于表示以前（过去）完成的动作。
主语+过去时动词
I ate the banana you are looking for this morning.
We slept in the spare room last night.
The team played icebreaker games before the event started.
She hadn't thought about how many people would be coming to dinner.
Ritu hasn't eaten since breakfast.
They haven't taken the driving test yet.
过去进行时
过去进行时用于表示过去未完成或不完整的动作。这个时态表明过去开始的动作现在仍在继续。
主语+was/wasn't/were/weren't+现在分词（动词+ing）
Henri was playing the guitar when I came over.
When we got there the girls were running around.
I was mad that Mari wasn't ready when I drove up to her house.
We weren't singing when she got to the concert hall.
过去完成时
过去完成时表示在过去，一个事件发生在另一个事件之前，并表明哪个事件先发生。
主语+had/hadn't+动词过去分词
Angel had saved his work before the computer crashed.
We had prepared the buses by the time the tourists arrived.
I hadn't cooked anything when my friends turned up.
There was nothing to eat because he hadn't been shopping.
过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时表示过去的动作在过去的其他动作之前结束。
主语+ had/hadn't/ been+现在分词（动词+ing）
By the time the restaurant opened we'd (we had) been waiting for an hour.
John had been swimming already by the time his friends go there.
She hadn't been doing her homework when her dad got home from work.
一般现在时
一般现在时表示重复、习惯或概括。
主语+现在时动词
I go to work every day.
He loves to eat something sweet after dinner.
Americans eat lots of junk food.
The boxing class starts at 6 p.m. every week night.
It rains in Vancouver all the time.
现在进行时
现在进行时用于描述现在的正在进行的动作。
主语+am/is/are+现在分词（动词+ing）
She is cleaning out her car.
Megan's putting together the annual report.
We're living in Moscow right now.
They're having breakfast, let's join them.
现在完成时
现在完成时表示过去发生的事件对现在产生了后果。
主语+have/haven't/has/hasn't+动词过去分词
I have lived in this house since 1992.
She has worked at the same job for 22 years.
She hasn't studied Japanese for very long so she finds it tough to speak.
He hadn't seen her at all yet today.
现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时表示过去开始、现在继续或刚刚完成的动作。
主语+ have/haven't/has/hasn't been+现在分词（动词+ing）
It has been raining for five days straight.
She hasn't been eating breakfast because she's been sick.
The tourists have been feeding the birds in the park.
We just haven't been taking care of the yard this summer as it's been so hot.
一般将来时
一般将来时用来谈论在现在之后将要发生的行动。这个时态表达事实和确定性。
主语+ shall/ shall not / will/ will not+基本动词
I will go to the office tomorrow.
We won't leave until later this evening.
They shall eat at the table and not on the sofa.
He shall not run in the race if there is a thunderstorm.
将来进行时
将来进行时表示将来继续或进行的动作。
主语+will / will not be+动词现在分词（-ing形式）
Jake will be coming over later to watch a movie.
The team will be playing in the tournament on Wednesday of next week.
My brother won't be joining us at next week's practice.
I will not be drinking that milk, it's sour.
将来完成时
The future perfect tense is used to show an action that will occur in the future before another action or time in the future.
主语+ will / won't have+动词过去分词
I will have lived in Barcelona for three years on the 20th of this month.
He won't have finished the essay by tomorrow's deadline.
Ami will have finished high school by the time her dad returns from working abroad.
将来完成进行时
将来完成时用于表示在在未来发生的动作将早于未来的另一个动作或时间
主语+shall/shall/will not+have be/been+动词现在分词（-ing形式）
We will have been driving for 10 hours come 6 o'clock.
Next month I will have been coming here for lunch every day for a year.
They will have been sleeping for an hour by the time you get home from work.
零条件
零条件用于表示一般真理。
If + 一般现在时 + 一般现在时
People bleed if you cut them.
Water boils if you heat it enough.
第一条件句
第一条件句讨论了可能条件及可能结果。它基本上表示“如果这件事发生了，那件事也会发生/可能会发生。”
If + 一般现在时 + 一般将来时
If you fails the test, he will not graduate.
If he drops the glass, it will smash.
If she eats that meat, she might get sick.
If he climbs that tree, he may fall.
第二条件句
第二个条件是表示现在或未来不太可能、假设的、想象的或不可能的情况或行动。
If +一般过去时 +现在条件时或现在连续条件时
If I were younger, I would go backpacking around the world.
If she were taller, she would have tried out for the basketball team.
If I won the lottery, I would buy a Ferrari.
第三条件句
第三个条件表示过去的一个不可能条件和这个条件在过去的结果。
If + 过去完成时 + would have + 动词过去分词
If I had trained harder I would have run a faster time in the marathon.
If you had gone to law school, you would have been a great lawyer.
If you had invited them to, they would have played for longer.
混合条件句
在混合条件句中，主句中的时态与条件从句或if从句中的时态不同。
If + 过去完成时 + 现在条件时
If + 一般过去时 + 条件完成时
If we had checked the directions before we left, we wouldn't be lost now.
We wouldn’t be lost now if we had checked the directions before we left.
情态动词
情态动词提供了句子中iot后主动词功能的额外信息。这类动词用于表示允许、义务、缺乏必要性、可能性、能力、禁止、建议和可能性。
一些情态动词和句子的示例：
| 允许 | |
|---|---|
| Can | Can I please come to your party? |
| 5月 | May I take a cookie from the jar? |
| Might | Might I suggest a different approach? |
| 义务 | |
|---|---|
| Must | You must tell me what he said. |
| Should | He should leave the room. |
| Ought to | They ought to find a place to stay. |
| 缺乏必要性 | |
|---|---|
| Need not | You need not worry, I will take care of it. |
| 可能性 | |
|---|---|
| Can | Eating more fruit can make you healthier. |
| Could | Rewriting the paper could get you a higher grade |
| 5月 | It may be cheaper at the other store. |
| Might | It might be better to try tomorrow. |
| 能力 | |
|---|---|
| Can | I can run faster than Jim. |
| 可能（过去的能力） | I could swim for miles when I was a teenager. |
| 禁令 | |
|---|---|
| Must not | You must not drink alcohol until you are at least 18 years old. |
| 建议 | |
|---|---|
| Had better | You had better go to bed now if you want to get up at 5 a.m. tomorrow. |
| Should | You should call your grandmother, she would like that. |
| Ought to | They ought to clear their driveway so we can park our car. |
| 可能性 | |
|---|---|
| 5月 | It may rain this afternoon. |
| Might | We might go play tennis tomorrow. |