Adverbs
副詞は動詞、形容詞、他の副詞、フレーズに関して説明するか、追加情報を提示します。
次の例を見てみましょう。
She was a very happy child.
He ate the hamburger quickly.
Her latest movie is absolutely terrifying!
Don't be gone for too long.
The old, dark house gave me a bad feeling.
場所を表す副詞
場所を表す副詞は何かが起こる場所を示し、形容詞や副詞の意味を変えません。
次の例を見てみましょう。
| about | downstairs | on |
| above | 東（など） | out |
| abroad | elsewhere | outside |
| anywhere | far | over |
| away | here | there |
| 後ろ方向 | indoors | under |
| Behind | inside | up |
| below | near | upstairs |
| down | nearby | どこ |
| off |
「...wards」または「...ward」の接尾辞は、特定の方向への動きを表します。
|
Upwards |
The balloon floated upwards when she let it go. |
|
Downward |
The downward dog is his favourite yoga position. |
|
Backwards |
He fell backwards off the horse. |
|
進む |
Please move forward so I may get by. |
|
Westward |
The westward facing house was the one they liked the most. |
「...where」の接尾辞は場所を表す一部の副詞と一緒に使用することもあります。
|
Nowhere |
I have nowhere to go on the weekend, I need to make a plan. |
|
Anywhere |
Is there anywhere you would like to visit while you're here? |
|
Somewhere |
I have to find somewhere with a washroom. |
|
Everywhere |
I've looked everywhere for it. |
時を表す副詞
これらの副詞は何が「いつ」起こったか表します。時間の副詞は何かが起きた「頻度」と「期間」も表します。
次の例を見てみましょう。
| When副詞 | 頻度を表す副詞 | 長さを表す副詞 |
|---|---|---|
| now | sometimes | ages |
| then | 常に | all day |
| today | usually | since last month |
| tomorrow | yearly | for several days |
| tonight | hourly | for many years |
| 毎日 | since the '90s | |
| infrequently | many hours |
I have a meeting with him tomorrow.
We should go to the train station now.
He visits his grandmother yearly.
Ella sometimes adds strawberries to her yoghurt.
I have been using the app since last month.
Miguel has lived in New York since the '90s.
状態を表す副詞
状態を表す副詞は、何がどのように起こったか説明します。
次の例を見てみましょう。
| angrily | badly | beautifully | calmingly |
| carefully | cautiously | cleverly | dangerously |
| eagerly | excitedly | foolishly | fast |
| furiously | happily | greedily | hard |
| hurriedly | kindly | nervously | politely |
| quickly | quietly | secretly | silently |
| slowly | softly | stupidly | unhappily |
| well | wickedly | willingly | wisely |
Violet secretly hoped she wouldn't have to go to work.
He nervously played with his pen waiting to open the exam booklet.
The car was driving dangerously close to the sidewalk.
They quickly stopped talking when the teacher came in.
He stupidly forgot his car keys and had to go back.
度合いを表す副詞
度合いの副詞は出来事の「度合い」と「内容」を表します。このような副詞は動詞、形容詞、（他の）副詞を修飾します。
次の例を見てみましょう。
| Really | Slowly | Fairly | Quickly |
| Just | Very | Quite | Enough |
動詞を修飾する副詞
He was slowly walking to the park.
They had done enough dancing for one night.
Jenna quickly hid the book behind her back.
形容詞を修飾する副詞
The kids were very kind to the lost dog.
The hotel ballroom was quite beautiful.
He was fairly happy at his new job.
副詞を修飾する副詞
She had learned to play chess very well.
The birds ate the seed quite quickly.
The game was really cleverly created.
確実性の副詞
確実性の副詞は、ものごとの確実性を示すときに使用します。
次の例を見てみましょう。
| Certainly | Definitely | Probably | Clearly |
| Undoubtedly | Obviously | Surely |
I'm definitely going to get tickets for that show.
He is clearly feeling guilty about lying to her.
You're obviously not enjoying this movie, let's turn it off.
I'll probably go to the gallery opening on the weekend.
形容詞から副詞を作る方法
ほとんどの場合、形容詞の後に「-ly」を付けて副詞を作れます。
形容詞が「y」で終わる場合、「y」を「i」に置き換えて"-ly"を付けます。
形容詞が「-able」、「-ible」、「-le」で終わる場合、「-e」を「-y」に置き換えます。
形容詞が「-ic」で終わる場合、「-ally」を付けます。
| 形容詞 | 副詞 |
|---|---|
| happy | happily |
| gentle | gently |
| tragic | tragically |
| slow | slowly |
関係副詞
関係副詞は文章や節をつなぎます。関係副詞にはwhen、where、whyがあります。
Do you know the reason why he is so upset?
The day when we will have the event is supposed to be sunny.
There is a beautiful library in the university where we met.
疑問副詞
疑問副詞の「when」、「where」、
When does the next bus arrive?
Where will you go for summer vacation?
How do I get to the nearest beach?
Why doesn’t he want to come out to dinner with us tonight?