Verb Tenses
動詞は動作語であり、行動、出来事、状態を表す時に使用します。
英語の動詞には3種類の時制があります（過去、現在、未来）。それぞれの動詞の時制を構成する方法を紹介します。
単純過去形
単純過去形は過去に完了した行動を述べるときに使用します。
主語 + 過去形
I ate the banana you are looking for this morning.
We slept in the spare room last night.
The team played icebreaker games before the event started.
She hadn't thought about how many people would be coming to dinner.
Ritu hasn't eaten since breakfast.
They haven't taken the driving test yet.
過去進行形
過去進行形は、過去の未完了またはまだ完成していない行動を述べるときに使用します。この時制は、過去に開始された行動が現在でもまだ継続されていることを表します。
主語 + was／wasn't／were／weren't + 現在分詞形（動詞 + ing）
Henri was playing the guitar when I came over.
When we got there the girls were running around.
I was mad that Mari wasn't ready when I drove up to her house.
We weren't singing when she got to the concert hall.
過去完了形
過去完了形は、1つの出来事が過去の別の出来事より前に起こり、どの出来事が先に起こったかについて明確に表します。
主語 + had／hadn't + 過去分子形
Angel had saved his work before the computer crashed.
We had prepared the buses by the time the tourists arrived.
I hadn't cooked anything when my friends turned up.
There was nothing to eat because he hadn't been shopping.
過去完了形進行形
過去完了形進行形は、過去の行動が他の過去の行動が起こる前に、完了したことを示します。
主語 + had／hadn't／been + 現在分詞形（動詞 + ing）
By the time the restaurant opened we'd (we had) been waiting for an hour.
John had been swimming already by the time his friends go there.
She hadn't been doing her homework when her dad got home from work.
現在時制
現在時制は反復、習慣、抽象表現を表します。
主語 + 現在形
I go to work every day.
He loves to eat something sweet after dinner.
Americans eat lots of junk food.
The boxing class starts at 6 p.m. every week night.
It rains in Vancouver all the time.
現在進行形
現在進行形は、現在継続中の行動を表すときに使用します。
主語 + am／is／are + 現在分詞形（動詞 + ing）
She is cleaning out her car.
Megan's putting together the annual report.
We're living in Moscow right now.
They're having breakfast, let's join them.
現在完了形
現在完了形は、現在の状況を指す過去の出来事を表します。
主語 + have／haven't／has／hasn't + 過去分詞形
I have lived in this house since 1992.
She has worked at the same job for 22 years.
She hasn't studied Japanese for very long so she finds it tough to speak.
He hadn't seen her at all yet today.
現在完了進行形
現在完了進行形は、過去に開始して現在でも継続または現在完了している行動を表します。
主語 + have／haven't／has／hasn't been + 現在分詞形（動詞 + ing ）
It has been raining for five days straight.
She hasn't been eating breakfast because she's been sick.
The tourists have been feeding the birds in the park.
We just haven't been taking care of the yard this summer as it's been so hot.
未来時制
未来時制は、未来の行動を述べるときに使用します。この時制は事実と確実性を表します。
主語 + shall／shall not／will／will not + 語幹
I will go to the office tomorrow.
We won't leave until later this evening.
They shall eat at the table and not on the sofa.
He shall not run in the race if there is a thunderstorm.
未来進行形
未来進行形は未来に継続する行動を表します。
主語 + will／will not be + 現在分詞形（-ing 形式）
Jake will be coming over later to watch a movie.
The team will be playing in the tournament on Wednesday of next week.
My brother won't be joining us at next week's practice.
I will not be drinking that milk, it's sour.
未来完了形
The future perfect tense is used to show an action that will occur in the future before another action or time in the future.
主語 + will／won't have + 過去分詞形
I will have lived in Barcelona for three years on the 20th of this month.
He won't have finished the essay by tomorrow's deadline.
Ami will have finished high school by the time her dad returns from working abroad.
未来完了進行形
未来完了進行形は、未来のある行動が、未来の別の行動または時間より前に起こることを表します。
主語 + shall／shall not／will／will not + be／have been + 現在分詞形 （-ing形式）
We will have been driving for 10 hours come 6 o'clock.
Next month I will have been coming here for lunch every day for a year.
They will have been sleeping for an hour by the time you get home from work.
zero条件文
zero条件文は、一般的な事実を表すときに使用します。
If + 現在時制 + 現在時制
People bleed if you cut them.
Water boils if you heat it enough.
仮定法現在
仮定法現在は、可能な条件とその起こり得る結果について述べます。基本的には「これが起これば、これも起こる／起こるかもしれない」
If + 現在時制 + 未来時制
If you fails the test, he will not graduate.
If he drops the glass, it will smash.
If she eats that meat, she might get sick.
If he climbs that tree, he may fall.
仮定法過去
仮定法過去は、現在または未来の起こり得ない、仮説的、想像上、不可能な状況や行動について述べます。
If + 過去時制 + 条件付現在または現在進行形
If I were younger, I would go backpacking around the world.
If she were taller, she would have tried out for the basketball team.
If I won the lottery, I would buy a Ferrari.
仮定法過去完了
仮定法過去完了は、過去の不可能な条件と過去のこの条件による結果を表します。
If + 現在完了形 + would have + 過去分詞形
If I had trained harder I would have run a faster time in the marathon.
If you had gone to law school, you would have been a great lawyer.
If you had invited them to, they would have played for longer.
仮定混合型
仮定混合型では、主節の時制は条件節の時制とは異なります。
If + 過去完了形 + 条件付現在
If + 過去時制 + 条件付完了形
If we had checked the directions before we left, we wouldn't be lost now.
We wouldn’t be lost now if we had checked the directions before we left.
法助動詞
法助動詞は、文章の主動詞の機能について追加情報を提示します。このような動詞は許可、義務、必要性の否定、可能性、能力、禁止事項、アドバイス、確率を表します。
法助動詞と文章の例を紹介します。
| 許可 | |
|---|---|
| Can | Can I please come to your party? |
| 5月 | May I take a cookie from the jar? |
| Might | Might I suggest a different approach? |
| 義務 | |
|---|---|
| Must | You must tell me what he said. |
| Should | He should leave the room. |
| Ought to | They ought to find a place to stay. |
| 必要性の否定 | |
|---|---|
| Need not | You need not worry, I will take care of it. |
| 可能性 | |
|---|---|
| Can | Eating more fruit can make you healthier. |
| Could | Rewriting the paper could get you a higher grade |
| 5月 | It may be cheaper at the other store. |
| Might | It might be better to try tomorrow. |
| 能力 | |
|---|---|
| Can | I can run faster than Jim. |
| Could（過去の能力） | I could swim for miles when I was a teenager. |
| 禁止事項 | |
|---|---|
| Must not | You must not drink alcohol until you are at least 18 years old. |
| アドバイス | |
|---|---|
| Had better | You had better go to bed now if you want to get up at 5 a.m. tomorrow. |
| Should | You should call your grandmother, she would like that. |
| Ought to | They ought to clear their driveway so we can park our car. |
| 確率 | |
|---|---|
| 5月 | It may rain this afternoon. |
| Might | We might go play tennis tomorrow. |